Abstract: Introduction: The treatment of advanced neuroblastoma includes chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy with 131-I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (131-I-MIBG). Despite strategies to protect thyroid function, its dysfunction is reported between 12 and 85%. Objective: To identify the frequency of thyroid dys function in cases of neuroblastoma treated with 131-I-MIBG. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional study. We included all the cases with neuroblastoma treated with 131-I-MIBG between 2002 and 2015, with complete somatometry, and complete thyroid profile (TSH, free and total T3 and T4, and anti-thyroglobulin and antiperoxidase antibodies). Results: 27 patients were identified out of which eleven died (40%). Out of the 16 surviving cases, 9 (56%) presented thyroid dysfunction: 2 (13%) cases with subclinical hypothyroidism and 7 (44%) cases with clinical hypothyroidism (3 cases due to psychomotor developmental delay and 4 due to growth deceleration). The patients presented cli nical manifestations at 16.1 months (1.2-66.3 months) after receiving the radiopharmaceutical at acumulative dose of 142 mCi (96-391.5 mCi). No differences were found in the age at diagnosis, age at the start of treatment with 131-I-MIBG, the cumulative dose of 131-I-MIBG, and the time elapsed between the dose and the thyroid profile among the cases with or without thyroid dysfunction. Con clusions: 56% of patients with neuroblastoma had thyroid dysfunction. Most of the cases with hypothyroidism were referred when thyroid dysfunction was clinically evident. A thyroid profile should be performed every 6 months, along with an annual endocrinological evaluation during the next 5 years in these patients.

Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento del neuroblastoma en estadios avanzados incluye quimioterapia, cirugía y terapia con I131-Metayodo benzilguanidina (I131-MIBG). La disfunción tiroidea se reporta entre 12 y 85% a pesar de la protección tiroidea. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de disfunción tiroidea en casos de neu roblastoma tratados con I131-MIBG. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal. Se incluyeron todos los casos con diagnóstico de neuroblastoma que recibieron I131-MIBG en el periodo de 2002-2015, a los cuales se les realizó antropometría completa, perfil de tiroides: hormona estimulante de tiroides (TSH), Triyodotironina total y libre (T3t y T3l), tiroxina total y libre (T4t, T4l), y anticuerpos antitiroglobulina y antiperoxidasa. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 27 pacientes; once fallecieron (40%). De los 16 casos sobrevivientes, 9 (56%) presentaron disfunción tiroidea: 2 (13%) casos con hipotiroidismo subclínico y 7 (44%) casos con hipotiroidismo clínico (3 casos por retraso en el desa rrollo psicomotor y 4 por desaceleración del crecimiento). Los pacientes presentaron manifestaciones clínicas a los 16,1 meses (1,2-66,3 meses) de recibir el radiofármaco a una dosis acumulada de 142 mCi (96-391.5 mCi). No se logró evidenciar diferencias en la edad al diagnóstico, la edad al inicio del tratamiento con el I131-MIBG, la dosis acumulada del I131-MIBG y el tiempo trascurrido entre la dosis y el perfil tiroideo entre los casos con o sin disfunción tiroidea. Conclusiones: El 56% de los pacientes con neuroblastoma presentaron disfunción tiroidea. La mayoría de los casos con hipotiroidismo fue ron referidos cuando los datos de disfunción tiroidea eran clínicamente evidentes. Se propone en esta poblacion realizar perfil tiroideo semestral y valoración anual por un endocrinólogo pediatra durante los primeros 5 años posteriores al diagnóstico oncológico.

Resumo Objetivos: Em pacientes pré-púberes com diabetes tipo 1 (DM1), a disponibilidade de um cuidador familiar principal (CFP) é fundamental para tomar decisões de administração; neste estudo, foram identificados os fatores de risco relacionados a CFPs associados ao controle glicêmico. Pacientes, materiais e métodos: Foi feito um estudo transversal comparativo. Foram incluídos 55 pacientes com DM1 menores de 11 anos. Os fatores relacionados aos pacientes associados ao controle glicêmico avaliados foram atividade física, tempo de evolução da DM1 e adesão às indicações médicas. Os fatores relacionados a CFPs avaliados foram escolaridade, aspectos profissionais, traços de depressão (questionário de Beck), funcionalidade familiar (Apgar familiar), ajuda de outra pessoa no cuidado do paciente, estresse (Escala de Estresse Percebido) e situação socioeconômica (questionário de Bronfman). Foram feitas análises de regressão logística multivariada e de regressão linear. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes era de oito anos; 29 pacientes apresentavam bom controle glicêmico e 26 não tinham controle. O principal fator de risco associado ao descontrole glicêmico foi o estresse no CFP (RC 24,8; IC de 95% 4,06-151,9, p = 0,001). Ao passo que, de acordo com a análise de regressão linear, constatamos que: o menor nível de escolaridade (0,991, IC de 95% 0,238-1,743, p = 0,011) e estresse (1,918, IC de 95% 1,10-2,736, p = 0,001) do CFP, bem como a disfunção familiar (1,256, IC de 95% 0,336-2,177, p = 0,008), foram associados a níveis maiores de hemoglobina glicosilada. Conclusões: O nível de escolaridade e o estresse do CFP e a disfunção familiar são fatores que influenciam a falta de níveis glicêmicos controlados entre pacientes pré-púberes com DM1.

Abstract Objectives: In prepubertal type 1 diabetic patients (DM1), the availability of an informal primary caregiver (ICP) is critical to making management decisions; in this study, the ICP-related risk factors associated with glycemic control were identified. Patients, materials, and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed. Fifty-five patients with DM1 under the age of 11 years were included. The patient-related factors associated with glycemic control evaluated were physical activity, DM1 time of evolution, and adherence to medical indications. The ICP-related factors evaluated were education, employment aspects, depressive traits (Beck questionnaire), family functionality (family APGAR), support of another person in patient care, stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and socioeconomic status (Bronfman questionnaire). Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. Results: The patients' median age was 8 years; 29 patients had good glycemic control, and 26 were uncontrolled. The main risk factor associated with glycemic dyscontrol was stress in the ICP (OR 24.8; 95% CI 4.06-151.9, p = 0.001). While, according to the linear regression analysis it was found that lower level of education (β 0.991, 95% CI 0.238-1.743, p = 0.011) and stress (β 1.918, 95% CI 1.10-2.736, p = 0.001) in the ICP, as well as family dysfunction (β 1.256, 95% CI 0.336-2.177, p = 0.008) were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions: Level of education and stress in the ICP, as well as family dysfunction, are factors that influence the lack of controlled blood glucose levels among prepubertal DM1 patients.

Abstract: Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) usually occurs in the pediatric age and affects the growth of children. The aim of this work was to describe growth and growth failure associated factors in a population of children with T1D in a tertiary level pediatric hospital. Methods: A case-control nested in a cohort study was conducted. We included patients with TD1 under 16 years of age with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Data as age at T1D diagnosis, anthropometry, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as the pubertal development (Tanner stage) were collected at the time of diagnosis and during 4 years of follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, patients with growth failure and without it were compared, matched by sex, age at TD1 diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: On the first year of follow-up, 95 patients were gathered, 88 patients were still followed by the second year, 56 patients were kept for the third year, and 46 patients were still followed-up by the fourth year. Median age was 9.5 years and 50% were preadolescents. During their evolution, 50% had growth failure. According to the multivariate analysis, the factor associated with growth failure was the HbA1c in the first year post-diagnosis (OR 4.08; 95% CI 1.34-12.42). Conclusions: In the first year post-diagnosis of children with T1D, HbA1c was associated with growth failure.

Resumen: Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) habitualmente se presenta en la etapa pediátrica y afecta el crecimiento de los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el crecimiento y los factores asociados con la alteración del mismo en una población de niños con DM1 en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio tipo casos y controles anidados en una cohorte. Se incluyeron pacientes con DM1 menores de 16 años con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se recabaron datos como la edad al diagnóstico de la DM1, antropometría, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), así como el desarrollo puberal (estadios de desarrollo de Tanner) al diagnóstico y durante 4 años de seguimiento. Al finalizar el seguimiento, se identificaron pacientes con alteraciones del crecimiento y se compararon con pacientes con un crecimiento adecuado, pareados por sexo y edad al diagnóstico. Se realizó el análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: Al primer año de seguimiento se identificaron 95 pacientes, a los 2 años 88 pacientes, a los 3 años 56 pacientes y a los 4 años 46 pacientes. La mediana para la edad fue de 9.5 años y el 50% eran prepúberes. El 50% de los pacientes tuvieron alteración en el crecimiento durante su evolución. De acuerdo con el análisis multivariado, se identificó que una mayor concentración de HbA1c en el primer año de seguimiento se relacionó con la alteración en el crecimiento (OR 4.08; IC 95% 1.34-12.42). Conclusiones: En pacientes pediátricos con DM1, una mayor concentración HbA1c en el primer año posterior al diagnóstico parece relacionarse con alteración en el crecimiento.